{"id":11544,"date":"2026-04-10T09:15:37","date_gmt":"2026-04-10T13:15:37","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.jacksonimmuno.com\/secondary-antibody-resource\/?p=11544"},"modified":"2026-04-10T09:22:47","modified_gmt":"2026-04-10T13:22:47","slug":"autofluorescence-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.jacksonimmuno.com\/secondary-antibody-resource\/immuno-techniques\/autofluorescence-2\/","title":{"rendered":"Part 1: Introduction to Cancer Research and the Hallmarks of Cancer"},"content":{"rendered":"\n\n\n\t<div class=\"dkpdf-button-container\" style=\" text-align:right \">\n\n\t\t<a class=\"dkpdf-button\" href=\"\/secondary-antibody-resource\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11544?pdf=11544\" target=\"_blank\"><span class=\"dkpdf-button-icon\"><i class=\"fa fa-file-pdf-o\"><\/i><\/span> Download PDF<\/a>\n\n\t<\/div>\n\n\n\n\n\n<style>.entry p, .entry ol{font-size: 1rem;}.entry h3{color:#009fe3;margin-top:0}.entry h4{color:#009453;margin-top:1.5rem}.entry h5{color: #003a5c; font-size: 1.05rem;margin-top:1.5rem;}.entry figure{margin:32px auto;border:1px solid #ccc}.entry figure img{width:100%;display:block;margin:0 auto}.entry figcaption{font-size:.875rem;line-height:1.35rem;padding:10px;color:#222}.entry .blog-tbl{margin:1rem auto;caption-side:bottom}.entry .blog-tbl td,.entry .blog-tbl th{padding:10px 9px;border:1px solid #00172b;text-align:left}.entry .blog-tbl td{border-color:#003a5c}.entry .blog-tbl th{background-color:#00172b;color:#fff;border-left-color:#fff;border-right-color:#fff}.entry .blog-tbl th p{color:#fff}.entry .blog-tbl th:first-of-type{border-left-color:#00172b}.entry .blog-tbl th:last-of-type{border-right-color:#00172b}.entry .blog-tbl p{text-align:left;margin:0}.entry .box-note{border:2px solid #009453;padding:12px;margin:1rem 0}.entry .box-note p{margin:0;padding:0}.entry .styled-list{list-style-type:none}.entry .styled-list li{margin-top:1rem;line-height:22px;font-size:1rem;}.entry .styled-list li::before{font-family:\"Font Awesome 5 Pro\";display:inline-block;content:\"\\f3c5\";-webkit-transform:rotate(-90deg);transform:rotate(-90deg);margin-left:-20px;margin-right:11px;font-size:.75rem;color:#ed7004;font-weight:600}.entry .styled-list ol li::before{display:none}.entry .styled-list li>ul li::before{font-weight:200}.entry .overview{width:-webkit-fit-content;width:-moz-fit-content;width:fit-content;padding:16px;margin:1rem auto;border:1px solid #eee}.entry .overview hr{margin-top:14px}.entry .overview-text{text-align:center;font-size:1rem;margin:0}.entry .btn-sq{color:#fff;font-size:.9rem;font-weight:600;border:2px solid rgb(237, 112, 4);padding:7px 13px;background:rgb(237, 112, 4);cursor:pointer;text-align:center;line-height:1.5rem;margin:0 auto;}.entry .btn-sq:hover{text-decoration:none;color:rgb(237, 112, 4);background:#fff;}.entry .btn-container{display:flex;width:100%;margin:1.3rem 0;}.entry .btn-container .fa-solid, .entry .btn-container .fa-duotone{margin-right:10px;}@media(max-width: 768px){.entry .btn-sq{font-size:1.05rem;}}.entry .tbl-blue a{color:#fff;text-decoration:underline}.entry .tbl-blue a:hover{color:#eee}.tbl-blue tbody tr td{background-color:#d4edfc;border-bottom:2px solid #fff}.tbl-blue tbody tr td:last-child{border-left:2px solid #fff}.tbl-blue tbody .fluo-purple td:first-child{background-color:#5a00e1}.tbl-blue tbody .fluo-blue td:first-child{background-color:#0000e1}.tbl-blue tbody .fluo-green td:first-child{background-color:#28e100}.tbl-blue tbody .fluo-orange td:first-child{background-color:#e17c00}.tbl-blue tbody .fluo-red td:first-child{background-color:#e10000}.tbl-blue tbody .fluo-dark-red td:first-child{background-color:#6c0000}.entry figure {border:none;}.entry .tbl-blue caption{font-size:.875rem;line-height:1.35rem;padding:10px;color:#222;}<\/style>\n<style>.entry h4{margin-top: 2rem;}.entry ol li{line-height: 1.6rem;margin-top:1rem;}<\/style>\n<p><script src=\"https:\/\/kit.fontawesome.com\/904923013f.js\" crossorigin=\"anonymous\"><\/script><\/p>\n<div class=\"entry\">\n<h2>This article introduces key concepts underpinning cancer research, including the hallmarks of cancer and major historical milestones. It explores how antibody-based immunotechniques, particularly Western blotting, enable the investigation of protein-level changes that drive disease, providing a framework for understanding cancer biology and guiding experimental approaches in modern oncology research.<\/h2>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/secondary-antibody-resource\/wp-content\/uploads\/1200x290_slides.jpg\" alt=\"Hand in blue glove holding glass histology slides\" \/><\/p>\n<h3>Immunotechniques for Cancer Research<\/h3>\n<h4>Introduction and the Hallmarks of Cancer<\/h4>\n<p>The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), which forms part of the World Health Organization (WHO), estimates that there were 20 million new cancer cases in 2022 \u2013 a number that is predicted to surpass 35 million in 2050. The rapidly increasing global cancer burden, driven by population aging and growth, underscores the critical importance of scientific research to understand disease pathogenesis and develop effective treatments.<\/p>\n<p>Cancer research is challenging since cancer is the result of a unique combination of genetic and epigenetic changes. These are induced by aging, as evidenced by shared alterations in aged cells and cancer cells (Zabransky <i>et al.<\/i>, 2022). Additionally, genetic changes may be caused by environmental exposures such as mutagenic chemicals and ultraviolet (UV) light, while epigenetic changes have been linked to factors including chronic inflammation (Maiuri <i>et al.<\/i>, 2016), obesity (Long <i>et al.<\/i>, 2020), stress (Abate <i>et al.<\/i>, 2020), and perturbation to the microbiota\u2013host relationship (Woo &amp; Alenghat, 2022). Determining the impact of these events is essential to improving patient outcomes.<\/p>\n<h4>Key Milestones in Cancer Research<\/h4>\n<p>The first steps in cancer research date back to at least 1775, when Percivall Pott linked occupational exposure to soot with testicular cancer (chimney sweeps\u2019 cancer). Since then, modern-day breakthroughs include significant advances in mRNA vaccine technology (Yaremenko <i>et al.<\/i>, 2025) and the development of a novel plasma test (Budnik <i>et al.<\/i>, 2023) to identify early-stage cancers.<\/p>\n<p>The following discoveries represent key milestones from the last 250 years:<br \/>\n<!--\n\n\n<ul class=\"styled-list\">\n \t\n\n<li>1775 \u2013 Percivall Pott links testicular cancer with occupational exposure to soot.<\/li>\n\n\n \t\n\n<li>1863 \u2013 Rudolf Virchow identifies leukocytes in cancerous tissue, connecting inflammation with cancer.<\/li>\n\n\n \t\n\n<li>1886 \u2013 Hil\u00e1rio de Gouv\u00eaa provides the first documented report of hereditary cancer (retinoblastoma).<\/li>\n\n\n \t\n\n<li>1899 \u2013 Tor Stenbeck and Tage Sjogren successfully use radiation therapy to treat skin cancer.<\/li>\n\n\n \t\n\n<li>1909 \u2013 Paul Ehrlich introduces the concept of immune surveillance.<\/li>\n\n\n \t\n\n<li>1911 \u2013 Peyton Rous discovers the Rous sarcoma virus, which causes tumors in chickens.<\/li>\n\n\n \t\n\n<li>1928 \u2013 George Papanicolaou reveals that cervical cancer cells can be identified under the microscope, leading to the Pap test.<\/li>\n\n\n \t\n\n<li>1937 \u2013 The <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cancer.gov\/research\/progress\/250-years-milestones\">National Cancer Institute (NCI)<\/a> was established.<\/li>\n\n\n \t\n\n<li>1941 \u2013 Charles Huggins demonstrates hormonal therapy for prostate cancer.<\/li>\n\n\n \t\n\n<li>1949 \u2013 The FDA approves mechlorethamine for hematologic malignancies, launching the chemotherapy era.<\/li>\n\n\n \t\n\n<li>1964 \u2013 Epstein-Barr virus is discovered in tumor cells derived from Burkitt lymphoma.<\/li>\n\n\n \t\n\n<li>1979 \u2013 Several groups independently discover the gene encoding p53.<\/li>\n\n\n \t\n\n<li>1984 \u2013 The HER2 gene is discovered.<\/li>\n\n\n \t\n\n<li>1987 \u2013 HER2 protein overexpression is identified in approximately 30% of breast cancers.<\/li>\n\n\n \t\n\n<li>1994-1995 \u2013 The breast cancer associated genes BRCA1 and BRCA2 were discovered.<\/li>\n\n\n \t\n\n<li>1996 \u2013 The first mRNA-based in vitro cancer vaccine study is published.<\/li>\n\n\n \t\n\n<li>1997 \u2013 Rituximab becomes the first monoclonal antibody approved for cancer therapy.<\/li>\n\n\n \t\n\n<li>2000 \u2013 Hanahan and Weinberg propose the \u201challmarks of cancer.\u201d<\/li>\n\n\n \t\n\n<li>2000 \u2013 Mylotarg becomes the first antibody\u2013drug conjugate approved by the FDA.<\/li>\n\n\n \t\n\n<li>2006 \u2013 The HPV vaccine Gardasil becomes the first vaccine approved to prevent cervical cancer.<\/li>\n\n\n \t\n\n<li>2017 \u2013 CAR T-cell therapy (Kymriah\u00ae) becomes the first cell-based gene therapy approved by the FDA.<\/li>\n\n\n \t\n\n<li>2020 \u2013 The COVID-19 pandemic expedites development of mRNA vaccines for cancer.<\/li>\n\n\n \t\n\n<li>2024 \u2013 A novel proteome-based screening test is reported to identify early-stage cancers.<\/li>\n\n\n<\/ul>\n\n\n--><\/p>\n<link rel=\"stylesheet\" href=\"https:\/\/cdn.jsdelivr.net\/npm\/swiper@12\/swiper-bundle.min.css\"\/>\r\n\r\n<style>\r\n\t.h-auto {\r\n\t\theight: auto;\r\n\t}\r\n\t\r\n\t.overflow-hidden {\r\n\t\toverflow: hidden;\r\n\t}\r\n\t\r\n\t.object-fit-contain {\r\n\t\tobject-fit: contain;\r\n\t}\r\n\t\r\n\t.w-100 {\r\n\t\twidth: 100%;\r\n\t}\r\n\t\r\n\t.h-100 {\r\n\t\theight: 100%;\r\n\t}\r\n\t\r\n\t.is-image-carousel {\r\n\t\t--swiper-navigation-size: 1rem;\r\n\t\t--swiper-scrollbar-size: 2px;\r\n\t}\r\n\t\r\n\t.swiper {\r\n\t\tmargin-top: 1rem;\r\n\t\tmargin-bottom: 2rem;\r\n\t\tpadding-bottom: 4rem;\r\n\t}\r\n\t\r\n\t.swiper-scrollbar {\r\n\t\tposition: absolute;\r\n\t\tbottom: 0;\r\n\t\tbackground-color: rgb(0 0 0 \/ 0);\r\n\t}\r\n\t\r\n\t.swiper-scrollbar-drag {\r\n\t\tbackground-color: #009453;\r\n\t}\r\n\t\r\n\t.swiper-navigation {\r\n\t\tposition: relative;\r\n\t\tbottom: -30px;\r\n\t}\r\n\t\r\n\t.swiper-navigation svg 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src=\"https:\/\/www.jacksonimmuno.com\/img\/static-pages\/900x920_cancer-research-timeline-slide21.jpg\" class=\"object-fit-contain w-100 h-100\" alt=\"\" \/>\r\n            <\/div>\r\n        <\/div>\r\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide h-auto\">\r\n            <div class=\"overflow-hidden\">\r\n                <img src=\"https:\/\/www.jacksonimmuno.com\/img\/static-pages\/900x920_cancer-research-timeline-slide22.jpg\" class=\"object-fit-contain w-100 h-100\" alt=\"\" \/>\r\n            <\/div>\r\n        <\/div>\r\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide h-auto\">\r\n            <div class=\"overflow-hidden\">\r\n                <img src=\"https:\/\/www.jacksonimmuno.com\/img\/static-pages\/900x920_cancer-research-timeline-slide23.jpg\" class=\"object-fit-contain w-100 h-100\" alt=\"\" \/>\r\n            <\/div>\r\n        <\/div>\r\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide h-auto\">\r\n            <div class=\"overflow-hidden\">\r\n                <img src=\"https:\/\/www.jacksonimmuno.com\/img\/static-pages\/900x920_cancer-research-timeline-slide24.jpg\" class=\"object-fit-contain w-100 h-100\" alt=\"\" \/>\r\n            <\/div>\r\n        <\/div>\r\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide h-auto\">\r\n            <div class=\"overflow-hidden\">\r\n                <img src=\"https:\/\/www.jacksonimmuno.com\/img\/static-pages\/900x920_cancer-research-timeline-slide25.jpg\" class=\"object-fit-contain w-100 h-100\" alt=\"\" \/>\r\n            <\/div>\r\n        <\/div>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n    <div class=\"swiper-navigation\">\r\n        <div class=\"swiper-button-prev\"><i class=\"fa-sharp fa-solid fa-chevron-left\"><\/i><\/div>\r\n        <div class=\"swiper-button-next\"><i class=\"fa-sharp fa-solid fa-chevron-right\"><\/i><\/div>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n    <div class=\"swiper-scrollbar\"><\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<script src=\"https:\/\/cdn.jsdelivr.net\/npm\/swiper@12\/swiper-bundle.min.js\"><\/script>\r\n<script>\r\n    var imageCarousel = document.querySelectorAll(\".swiper.is-image-carousel\");\r\n\r\n    imageCarousel.forEach(carousel => {\r\n        var swiper = new Swiper(carousel, {\r\n            scrollbar: {\r\n                el: \".swiper-scrollbar\"\r\n            },\r\n            navigation: {\r\n                nextEl: \".swiper-button-next\",\r\n                prevEl: \".swiper-button-prev\",\r\n            },\r\n            slidesPerView: 1, \r\n            breakpoints: {\r\n                430: {\r\n                    slidesPerView: 2\r\n                },\r\n                768: {\r\n                    slidesPerView: 3\r\n                }\r\n            }\r\n        });\r\n    });\r\n<\/script>\n<p>These milestones demonstrate the progression of cancer research from early pathological observation to modern molecular, immunological, and genetic and genomic therapeutic approaches.<\/p>\n<h4>The Hallmarks of Cancer<\/h4>\n<p>The hallmarks of cancer, first proposed by Douglas Hanahan and Robert Weinberg in 2000, are defined as six essential alterations in cell physiology that collectively dictate malignant growth:<\/p>\n<ul class=\"styled-list\">\n<li>Self-sufficiency in growth signals<\/li>\n<li>Insensitivity to growth-inhibitory signals<\/li>\n<li>Evasion of programmed cell death (apoptosis)<\/li>\n<li>Limitless replicative potential<\/li>\n<li>Sustained angiogenesis<\/li>\n<li>Tissue invasion and metastasis<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>These disruptions to normal processes are enabled by genome instability and mutation, often in key regulators of cellular function. For example, a mutation in the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) or the tumor suppressor gene p53 can lead to uncontrolled growth.<\/p>\n<p>In 2011, Hanahan and Weinberg suggested two further hallmarks, the reprogramming of energy metabolism and evading immune destruction, and a second enabling characteristic, tumor-promoting inflammation. In 2022, four additional prospective hallmarks and enabling characteristics were recommended shown in Figure 1 (Hanahan, 2022), reflecting advances in the understanding of tumor biology.<\/p>\n<figure><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/secondary-antibody-resource\/wp-content\/uploads\/1500x657_Cancer-Research-Figures-01_Hallmarks-of-Cancer.jpg\" alt=\"Current and emerging hallmarks of cancer\" \/><figcaption><strong>Figure 1.<\/strong> The hallmarks of cancer. Current (A) and emerging (B) hallmarks and enabling characteristics adapted from Hanahan 2022.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>This ongoing refinement of the hallmarks of cancer demonstrates the need for dynamic investigation based on detailed experimental design. To accomplish this, cancer research has become segmented into more focused areas, many of which overlap with broader fields such as inflammation, immunity, and epigenetics. By interrogating distinct aspects of cancer pathogenesis using specialized techniques, researchers can better dissect intricate experimental questions. However, maintaining a holistic overview of cancer remains fundamental to improving clinical outcomes.<\/p>\n<h4>From Concept to Investigation<\/h4>\n<p>The hallmarks framework provides a structured way to interpret the biological consequences of genetic and epigenetic alterations. Each hallmark corresponds to molecular and cellular processes that can be examined experimentally.<\/p>\n<p>Cancer is characterized not only by changes at the DNA and RNA levels, but also by alterations in protein expression, modification, localization, and interaction. Proteins serve as the functional mediators of cell growth, survival, differentiation, and migration. Consequently, protein-level analysis remains central to understanding oncogenesis.<\/p>\n<p>Antibody-based immunotechniques allow researchers to detect specific proteins within complex biological samples, assess relative expression levels, and examine post-translational modifications that regulate protein function. These approaches enable insight into cancer-associated processes including signaling pathway activation, immune evasion, angiogenesis, and metastasis.<\/p>\n<p>The hallmarks of cancer therefore provide both a conceptual foundation and a practical framework for experimental design, guiding investigations across diverse areas of oncology research.<\/p>\n<h4>Technique Focus: Western Blotting in Cancer Research<\/h4>\n<p>Cancer is a complex disease characterized by genetic mutations and widespread dysregulation of cellular signaling pathways. While changes at the DNA and RNA levels contribute to oncogenesis, it is the resulting alterations in protein expression, modification, localization, and interaction that ultimately drive malignant behavior. Proteins serve as the functional mediators of cell growth, survival, differentiation, and migration, making protein-level analysis essential for understanding cancer biology. Western blotting enables researchers to detect specific proteins within complex biological samples, assess relative expression levels, and examine post-translational modifications that regulate protein function, enabling insight into cancer-associated processes.<\/p>\n<p>A common application is assessing target engagement following therapy. For example, Xia <i>et al.<\/i> (2002) used Western blotting to show reduced HER2 phosphorylation and downstream signaling in breast cancer cells treated with the EGFR\/HER2 inhibitor lapatinib, confirming pathway inhibition. Western blotting also complements discovery-based approaches by validating key signaling events, as demonstrated by Rikova <i>et al.<\/i> (2007), who confirmed oncogenic kinase phosphorylation in lung cancer samples identified by phosphoproteomics. In studies of drug resistance, Western blotting remains essential for revealing adaptive signaling changes. Chandarlapaty <i>et al.<\/i> (2011) used this approach to demonstrate compensatory activation of the MAPK\/ERK pathway in PI3K inhibitor\u2013resistant breast cancer models, highlighting the importance of protein-level analysis in understanding therapeutic failure.<\/p>\n<h5>Principles of Western Blotting<\/h5>\n<p>Western blotting is an antibody-based technique that combines protein separation with specific immunodetection. The process begins with the extraction of total protein from cells or tissues, typically using detergent-based lysis buffers that preserve protein integrity. Proteins are then denatured and separated by size using sodium dodecyl sulfate\u2013polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS\u2013PAGE). This step allows complex protein mixtures to be resolved into discrete bands based on molecular weight.<\/p>\n<p>Following electrophoresis, the separated proteins are transferred to a membrane, typically nitrocellulose or polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF). The membrane is then blocked to prevent nonspecific antibody binding and incubated with a primary antibody that specifically recognizes the protein of interest. Detection is achieved using a secondary antibody conjugated to an enzyme or fluorophore, enabling visualization of the target protein as a distinct band.<\/p>\n<p>A key strength of Western blotting is its ability to distinguish between different forms of the same protein. By using antibodies that recognize specific post-translational modifications, such as phosphorylation or cleavage, researchers can assess protein activation states rather than simply total abundance. This capability is particularly important in cancer research, in which aberrant signaling often arises from changes in protein activity rather than expression alone.<\/p>\n<figure style=\"max-width: 500px;\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/secondary-antibody-resource\/wp-content\/uploads\/asset-1apc-gfp-yeast.jpg\" alt=\"Fluorescent Western blot\" \/><figcaption><strong>Figure 2.<\/strong> Fluorescent Western blot showing detection and differentiation of Human IgG and IgM in the presence of Mouse IgG.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h4>Product Focus: Fluorophore-Conjugated Secondary Antibodies and Multiplex Western Blotting in Cancer Research<\/h4>\n<p>While HRP-conjugated secondary antibodies remain a standard option for Western blot detection, fluorophore-conjugated secondary antibodies add benefits such as suitability for quantitative and multiplexed analyses. Fluorescent detection offers a broad linear dynamic range and stable signal, enabling more accurate measurement of protein expression and post-translational modifications in complex cancer samples.<\/p>\n<p>Jackson ImmunoResearch (JIR) fluorophore-conjugated secondary antibodies are available with spectrally distinct dyes, allowing multiple targets to be detected simultaneously on a single blot. This multiplex capability is particularly valuable in cancer research, in which coordinated changes across signaling pathways are common. For example, tumor markers in their unphosphorylated and phosphorylated states, with a loading control, can be analyzed in parallel without stripping and re-probing, reducing variability and conserving limited samples.<\/p>\n<table class=\"tbl-blue\">\n<caption><strong>Figure 3.<\/strong> Fluorescent conjugates available from Jackson ImmunoResearch that are suitable for western blotting.<\/caption>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Fluorophore<\/th>\n<th>Excitation Peak (nm)<\/th>\n<th>Emission Peak (nm)<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr class=\"fluo-purple\">\n<td><a href=\"\/technical\/products\/conjugate-selection\/dylight-405\">DyLight\u2122 405<\/a><\/td>\n<td>400<\/td>\n<td>421<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"fluo-green\">\n<td><a href=\"\/technical\/products\/conjugate-selection\/alexa-fluor\/488\">Alexa Fluor\u00ae 488<\/a><\/td>\n<td>493<\/td>\n<td>519<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"fluo-orange\">\n<td><a href=\"\/technical\/products\/conjugate-selection\/cyanine\/cy3\">Indocarbocyanine, Cy\u21223<\/a><\/td>\n<td>550<\/td>\n<td>570<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"fluo-orange\">\n<td><a href=\"\/technical\/products\/conjugate-selection\/alexa-fluor\/555\">Alexa Fluor\u00ae 555<\/a><\/td>\n<td>552<\/td>\n<td>572<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"fluo-orange\">\n<td><a href=\"\/technical\/products\/conjugate-selection\/alexa-fluor\/568\">Alexa Fluor\u00ae 568<\/a><\/td>\n<td>577<\/td>\n<td>602<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"fluo-orange\">\n<td><a href=\"\/technical\/products\/conjugate-selection\/alexa-fluor\/594\">Alexa Fluor\u00ae 594<\/a><\/td>\n<td>591<\/td>\n<td>614<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"fluo-red\">\n<td><a href=\"\/technical\/products\/conjugate-selection\/alexa-fluor\/647\">Alexa Fluor\u00ae 647<\/a><\/td>\n<td>651<\/td>\n<td>667<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"fluo-red\">\n<td><a href=\"\/technical\/products\/conjugate-selection\/cyanine\/cy5\">Indodicarbocyanine, Cy\u21225<\/a><\/td>\n<td>650<\/td>\n<td>670<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"fluo-red\">\n<td><a href=\"\/technical\/products\/conjugate-selection\/alexa-fluor\/680\">Alexa Fluor\u00ae 680<\/a><\/td>\n<td>684<\/td>\n<td>702<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"fluo-dark-red\">\n<td><a href=\"\/technical\/products\/conjugate-selection\/alexa-fluor\/790\">Alexa Fluor\u00ae 790<\/a><\/td>\n<td>792<\/td>\n<td>803<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>In the next article, we move from conceptual foundations to one of the most influential areas of contemporary oncology: the tumor microenvironment, a dynamic ecosystem that shapes tumor progression and therapeutic response.<\/p>\n<h4>References<\/h4>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Abate M, Citro M, Caputo M, et al. 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The efficient elimination of solid tumor cells by EGFR-specific and HER2-specific scFv-SNAP fusion proteins conjugated to benzylguanine-modified auristatin F. <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Cancer Lett<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. 2016;381(2):323\u2013330. doi:10.1016\/j.canlet.2016.08.003<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">World Health Organization. Global cancer burden growing amidst mounting need for services. 2024.<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.who.int\/news\/item\/01-02-2024-global-cancer-burden-growing--amidst-mounting-need-for-services\"> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/www.who.int\/news\/item\/01-02-2024-global-cancer-burden-growing&#8211;amidst-mounting-need-for-services<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Xia W, Mullin RJ, Keith BR, et al. Anti-tumor activity of GW572016: A dual tyrosine kinase inhibitor blocks EGF activation of EGFR\/ErbB2 and downstream Erk1\/2 and AKT pathways. <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Oncogene<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. 2002;21(41):6255\u20136263.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Xu G, Liu W, Wang Y, et al. CMG901, a Claudin18.2-specific antibody\u2013drug conjugate, for the treatment of solid tumors. <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Cell Rep Med<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. 2024;5(9):101710. doi:10.1016\/j.xcrm.2024.101710<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Yaremenko AV, Khan MM, Zhen X, et al. Clinical advances of mRNA vaccines for cancer immunotherapy. <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Med<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. 2025;6(1):100562. doi:10.1016\/j.medj.2024.11.015<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<table class=\"table blogLinks\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th class=\"span6\">Learn more:<\/th>\n<th class=\"span6\">Do more:<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"span6\"><a href=\"\/secondary-antibody-resource\/immuno-techniques\/directandindirectwesternblotting\/\">Indirect and direct Western blotting<\/a><\/td>\n<td class=\"span6\"><a href=\"https:\/\/jacksonimmuno.com\/home\/exhibitions\">Exhibition Schedule<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"span6\"><a href=\"\/secondary-antibody-resource\/immuno-techniques\/chemiluminescent-western-blotting\/\">Chemiluminescence western blotting<\/a><\/td>\n<td class=\"span6\"><a href=\"\/secondary-antibody-resource\/immuno-techniques\/western-blotting-guide\/\">Western blotting guide<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"span6\"><a class=\"row-title\" href=\"\/secondary-antibody-resource\/technical-tips\/expansionmicroscopy\/\">An Introduction to Expansion Microscopy<\/a><\/td>\n<td class=\"span6\"><a href=\"\/secondary-antibody-resource\/immuno-techniques\/elisa-guide\/\">ELISA guide<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<!-- AddThis Advanced Settings generic via filter on the_content --><!-- AddThis Share Buttons generic via filter on the_content --><!-- AddThis Related Posts generic via filter on the_content -->","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Download PDF This article introduces key concepts underpinning cancer research, including the hallmarks of cancer and major historical milestones. It explores how antibody-based immunotechniques, particularly Western blotting, enable the investigation of protein-level changes that drive disease, providing a framework for understanding cancer biology and guiding experimental approaches in modern oncology research. Immunotechniques for Cancer Research [&hellip;]<!-- AddThis Advanced Settings generic via filter on get_the_excerpt --><!-- AddThis Share Buttons generic via filter on get_the_excerpt --><!-- AddThis Related Posts generic via filter on get_the_excerpt --><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"content-type":""},"categories":[3,16],"tags":[],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.jacksonimmuno.com\/secondary-antibody-resource\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11544"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.jacksonimmuno.com\/secondary-antibody-resource\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.jacksonimmuno.com\/secondary-antibody-resource\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.jacksonimmuno.com\/secondary-antibody-resource\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.jacksonimmuno.com\/secondary-antibody-resource\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=11544"}],"version-history":[{"count":12,"href":"https:\/\/www.jacksonimmuno.com\/secondary-antibody-resource\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11544\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":11568,"href":"https:\/\/www.jacksonimmuno.com\/secondary-antibody-resource\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11544\/revisions\/11568"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.jacksonimmuno.com\/secondary-antibody-resource\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=11544"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.jacksonimmuno.com\/secondary-antibody-resource\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=11544"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.jacksonimmuno.com\/secondary-antibody-resource\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=11544"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}